BIOLOGY : MECHANISM OF THE BRAIN The outside is always an inside Neuronal assemblies Neurons in primitive animals like hydra have nerve nets. These respond by coordinated action from sensory stimuli like food particles to engulf them .In higher animals these nerve nets multiplied in number for unrelated purposes as ganglions. The problem occurs in coordination of the various nerve nets as they frequently have common inter neurons serving different purposes. In higher animals brain has a hierarchy of nerve nets. In mammals the basic nerve net is a map in cortex called hippocampus. The hippocampus has grid cells connected to afterent sensory inputs from propriceptive receptors which give inputs sequentially increasing with muscle movements and distance. It also has inputs from vision for objects, auditory sensations which occur linearly with time. A line of grid cells respond to all inputs but with different intensity depending on place of occurrence on the line....
Posts
PHYSICS:THEORY OF RELATIVITY Space time tells matter how to move;matter tells space time how to curve-John Archibald wheeler Time is an illusion ,albeit a very persistent one- Albert Einstein Special theory of relativity This was the first theory given by Albert Einstein about relativity. It can be understood clearly if we consider the universe to consist of fields in a background of space time. The fields undergo wave motion and create particles according to the rules of quantum field theory. According to the theory the velocity of light waves is the maximum velocity allowed in space time. All matter waves have velocity less than light waves which is massless. A consequence of this is that as matter waves gain velocity and energy and approach speed of light the velocity cannot increase further. Now extra energy given to the waves decreases the momentum and wavelength. This leads to length contraction. Again frequency of the wave decreases leading to slowing of time. ...
BIOLOGY:ORIGIN OF LIFE::PART 4 ,SEQUENCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN METAZOANS The history of man for the nine months preceding his birth would be far more interesting than all the three ten scores that follow it-Samuel Taylor Coleridge Formation of blastula by cell assymetry signalling The blastula is the first structure to arise from the zygote. The zygote divides repeatedly to form a spherical ball of cells called the blastula. Thereafter the blastula develops a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel. The question is how this structure is formed. The origin of this activity lies in asymmetry of cell in blastula. Cell on the surface do not have neighbours and behave differently. Cells inside have neighbours on all sides and this leads them to activate cis genes which cause secretion of fluid and cavity formation. Later the process of cavity formation is repeated again to form another fluid cavity amniotic cavity. Now the cells lying between the two cavities will give rise t...
BIOLOGY:ORIGIN OF LIFE:PART 3-EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY The embryo contains the unique information that defines a person-Todd akin Origin of the eukaryotic cell The embryonic development of metazoans consists of repeated division of cells from a zygote. While undergoing divisions the cells differentiate into various specialised cells. Moreover the cells organise themselves into structures such as plane sheets(epithelium) tubes( blood vessels, bronchi). The ability to organise cells in above manner is not present in prokaryotes. It arose when the first eukaryotic cell arose with capability to form Endo membranes ,phagocytosis ,secretion . The prokaryotic cell was surrounded by a rigid cell wall .Over a period of time the cell wall was lost and the outer wall remained as a flexible plasma membrane. The cell wall prevented any movement or modification of the PM. With its loss there was scope for the PM to be modified. The PM gained three types of...
ORGANIZATION:PART 4:POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT The Victorian state in England Modernising theory’s argument of economic change and development being the prime factors responsible for creating a stable ,democratic political system is flawed -Samuel P Huntington Origin of beauracratic state The ancient agricultural state was weak in collecting revenues ,maintaining law and order and controlling internal rebellion by feudal lords. The reason for this was technological primitiveness in weapons of war,lack of modern communication,absence of printing and dissemination of usefull knowledge. In sixteenth century Europe printing allowed knowledge to be disseminated throughout the society. This stimulated creation of new maps,exploration by large ships, discovery of new lands,development of science ,military technology,building of roads,canals,and ultimately the Industrial Revolution.With increasing military technology the kingdoms of Europe could subjugate the feudal lords and...
ORGANIZATION :PART 3:MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS The tension of our times is that we want our organizations to behave as living organisms but only know how to treat them as machines-Margaret J Wheatley Origin of firms Firms are groups of individuals who coordinate their work to produces product for exchange. The cooperation abolishes transaction costs which will occur if an individual attempts to create separate contracts with others to produce all intermediate objects in a market situation. Moreover when objects require joint cooperation to produce ,the efforts of each cannot be quantified. In such a situation a uniform wage in a firm gives equal incentive to work irrespective of nature of work. Firms require a market to sell their goods. It has been seen that presence of a market for a product automatically gives birth to a number of firms producing it. Moreover as size of market increases the number,size of firms increase as does their complexity of o...
ORGANIZATION: PART 2:CHANGING CULTURE Emperor Ashoka after Kalinga war Whoever controls the narrative controls the people You and I are poles apart-we are like parallel lines which never meet but stay together till infinity Leadership is always about change-It’s not about mobilising people to do things they have always done well-John kotter Changing organizational culture It is evident that organizations value and culture change over time. The organization has a number of stakeholders whether it be a firm,nation or family.When the stakeholders are given commitment of equal benefit in the organization,the same remains fit and healthy. Over the ages cultural change has repeatedly changed the balance in all organizations between the stakeholders. Thus the family had male dominance during agricultural stage. Proffesional managers and industrial workers dominated in manufacturing era in business organizations. A visionary leader can mitigate the imbalanc...