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 PHYSICS QUANTUM FIELD THEORY :PART 3 It from bit…Everything is information(John Archibald wheeler) Look up at the stars and not your feet.Try to make sense of what you see,and wonder what makes the universe exist(Stephen hawking) Brane theory Quantum field theory is the crown jewel of physics. Each and every prediction of the theory has been experimentally found to be correct. However there are certain loose ends which are excluded from the theory.Firstly gravity is not included in the framework. Secondly the masses,charge of fundamental particles cannot be derived from the theory. Brane theory is a quantum field theory that tries to explain the above problems that are unsolved in classical QFT. It is conceptually and mathematically elegant. However its predictions have not been tested experimentally. Part of the reason lies in the fact that one will require accelerators which are much more powerful to test its predictions than those available today. Branes as solitons in a eleven...

 PHYSICS QUANTUM FIELD THEORY: PART 2 The law of entropy holds the supreme position among the laws of the universe.If your pet theory is found to contradict the second law I can give you no hope,there is nothing for it but to collapse in deep humiliation(Sir Arthur Stanley eddington) Spin,Chirality bosons and fermions There is a difference in the waves of bosons and fermions. The bosonic wave is a circle with same face always on outside. The fermions wave has the face twisted on itself. As a result the boson wave travels always on the same face but a fermion wave travels alternatively on inside and outside faces.A consequence of this is that boson waves reinforces the phase while fermion waves cancel each other if overlapping.A boson wave also  has integer number of wave turns or spins while fermionic waves have half integer turns or spins A fermion wave may have two types of chirality or face twisting. They are right handed and left handed and represents two ways the twisting...

 PHYSICS QUANTUM FIELD THEORY :PART 1 Make everything as simple as possible but not simpler(Albert Einstein) Origin of particles from fields in spacetime According to quantum field theory the universe has a large number of fields in a background of space time. Fields are numbers which represent the intensity of some property of a field. Temperature is a scalar field. Thus the distribution of temperature in atmosphere will give the indication of air agitation  at that point. Fields may have direction. Thus wind is a vector field. Thus it has a magnitude as well as direction at every point in atmosphere. Moreover the two fields may be causally related. Temperature differences in atmosphere can lead to wind. Field strengths can undergo oscillations under certain circumstances. Particles in the universe are a result of these oscillations. However a single wave cannot represent a particle. If it was so the amplitude of the wave will be uniform all over the universe. In QFT amplitud...

 SOCIETY INFORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY : PART 1 One enlightens the other and knowledge increases (Yajurveda) Rain can soak out a leopards skin but it cannot washout its spots(African proverb) The code of Hammurabi is one of the oldest deciphered writings of length in the world(1732BC) consisting of 282laws. Major laws covered were on slander,trade,slavery,theft,duties of workers,divorce The primate society and effect of language The primates usually live in groups. The group consists of close kins and is headed by an alpha male. The most characteristic of the group is the violence or threat of violence by the leader. The leader has first right over any food and keeps all the females of the group to himself. Eventually the leader may be changed due to being overthrown due to age. Many junior males migrate to other groups also.     The development of language had a profound effect on the structure of the group. Once one or more males can communicate and in addit...

 SOCIETY INFORMATION AND EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY : PART 2 If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulder of giants(Isaac newton) Give the position and velocities of all the particles in the universe and I will predict the future(Pierre Simon laplace) Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities(Voltaire) Individual ambition serves the common good(Adam smith) Printing press and the industrial society Rise of scientific disciplines: The printing press came to Europe in sixteenth century. It caused printing of Ancient Greek and roman texts and the knowledge of ancient science became disseminated throughout Europe.However soon literate people started comparing these texts and testing their correctness. Most ancient science except geometry was based on common sense hypothesis. Thus the earth was supposed to be the centre of the universe because sun ,moon and stars moved daily across the earth sky .However astronomers like Galileo accurately noted the ...

 BIOLOGY ORIGIN OF INTELLIGENT LIFE :PART 3 Intelligence the most plastic and at the same time the most durable structural equilibrium of behaviour is essentially a system of living and acting operations (Jean Piaget) General working memory and its stages Working memory can be generalized to solve universal problems.     This is achieved in prefrontal cortex by combining the inputs of multisensory ordered specific module working memory. Thus because prefrontal cortex receives input of ordered list of names from language working memory and also ordered list of colours from visual working memory it can make ordered list of both.In working memory sequential neurons are activated ,the initial neuron with first item the most followed by subsequent items in a list. During retrieval the first item is the one which was most active while being stored. So it is retrieved first. As the next item is activated the first item inhibits itself. Piaget had first discovered the laws o...

 BIOLOGY ORIGIN OF INTELLIGENT LIFE :PART 1 What we see is a solution to a computational problem,our brains compute the most likely causes from the photon absorptions within our eyes(Hermann Helmholtz) Unicellular intelligence The first eukaryotic cells could phagocyose food including bacteria. This was due to their novel membrane system. The membrane could deform and surround and engulf the food particle and later digest it by secreting enzymes  in the vesicle. With the help of a cytoskeleton which was self organizing and formed microtubules towards advancing side while dissolving them on rear side,amoeboid locomotion was possible. Other types of locomotion depended on rows of cilia or a flagellum. The flagellum is a complicated system and has a rotating motor at the base of the flagellum driven by ATP. It exists in bacteria also and enables these bacteria to move towards food.     With locomotion there is a need to coordinate movement towards a food after its ident...

   BIOLOGY ORIGIN OF LIFE: PART 1 Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution(Theodosius dobzhansky) It is not the strongest of the species that survives ,not the most intelligent that survives,it is the one most adaptable to change(Charles Darwin)  Primitive earth and biomolecule formation The conditions in primitive earth was very different from today. The oceans and continents had formed. However the surface of earth was exposed to a number of high energy phenomena. It was constantly bombarded by meteorites ,which may have contained biomolecules. There being no ozone layer the surface of earth was exposed to UV rays which hastened chemical reactions.Volcanic lava and underwater hot springs were sources of energy for chemical reactions. All these favoured rapid chemical reactions. The earth was formed four and half billion years ago. The atmosphere was reducing and contained methane ,carbon dioxide besides water. These underwent rapid reactions to pr...

BIOLOGY ORIGIN OF LIFE :PART 2 Life is a relationship among molecules and not a property of any  particular molecule(linus Pauling) One only understands the essence of things when one knows its origin and development(Alexander oparin) Rise of DNA  In the protocell RNA served both as memory for coding in translation as m RNA and also took part directly in translation with help of tRNA and rRNA. Later the DNA molecule arose and transcription allowed the memory of coding proteins to reside entirely in DNA. The separation allowed independent mutation of the genetic machinery. Since there were two copies of the DNA molecule a mutation would not now disrupt the corresponding translation of protien and lead to death of the organism.   The second advantage of DNA was that earlier during cell division the RNA could not be distributed equally to the two daughter cells. Cell division led to random distribution of genetic material between two daughter cells.Now cell division involved...