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 MANAGEMENT OF JUSTICE: PART 3 Credibility and reliability of evidence The witness may give evidence to protect the defence or incriminate him. Further he may be mistaken due to circumstances which hinder accurate observation. The object of cross examination is to dispute evidence whenever there is a suspicion of it’s genuineness  In destructive cross examination credibility and lying can be exposed. There are three categories of lying. The first involves affirmative lying where the witness steadfastly adhere to his version of facts due to high motivation. Here lying can be exposed by self contradictory statements or statements given by similar defence/ prosecution witness about same event.Next is the reluctant witness who is afraid to reveal the truth and is evasive. Such witnesses can be examined in detail about an event and gets caught if details are attempted to be hidden. The third types are those who are afraid to commit perjury and omit details or twist the facts to col...
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 MANAGEMENT OF JUSTICE PART2 Crimes and evidence Major sexual crime is a rape  and here material evidence is collected from the victims person ,clothes in the form of semen  ,for which DNA test is done,as well as scratches and nail deposits.In cases of rape evidence of use of force and lack of consent should be present.Use of force can be deduced from personal injury as well as broken furniture. Lack of consent may be difficult to prove in cases where a person known to the woman as in date rape or marriage rape cases. Proving fear or fraud use is equivalent to a lack of consent in rape cases.In marriage rape cases evidence of separation or injury marks will support rape.  Solicitation of assistance for homicide is also a major crime. Here if a weapon or money is given to perform the crime the evidence is more convincing.Conspiracy to commit an unlwfull act differs from solicitation in that a number of persons are involved in planning homicide or robbery. Witness acco...
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The code of Hammurabi  MANAGEMENT OF JUSTICE: PART 1 Evolution of judicial system In the framework of society the long term and cyclical injustices are rarely amenable to immediate amelioration. Unless social forces accumulate there is no expectation of a permanent change. Thus it is futile to hope for a democratic system in long period of time preceding the Industrial Revolution in Europe. The Industrial Revolution diminished the comparative importance of landed property,led to creation of multiple organizations with power independ of the state and created the& middle class. This led to overthrow of authoritarian rule .      However everyday crimes have been amenable to control from the inception of society.Humans cooperate to build social organizations and homicide and theft directly affects this cooperation.Actually human brain development and imagination of alternative scenarios directly allow this type of cooperative behaviour to punish the transgressors. ...
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 ORGANIZATION: THE FRAMEWORK OF SOCIETY Crime and framework of society   Human organizations arose from primate societies dominated by an aggressive alpha male. The development of prefrontal cortex and thinking and language profoundly changed this society. Humans understood that they could cooperate to prevent a dominant male and create a more equitable order. This helping attitude and readiness to cooperate is unique to humans and absent in all animals. Animals do  help their genetic kin automatically as it increases the spread of like genes in the population.However it is the cooperation between unrelated individuals which is unique in humans. Due to a high development of episodic memory humans can recognise those who have reciprocated a benefit given to them earlier. This is extremely important as an organization of individuals can function only if it is based on trust.Again any market economy based on long term exchange can function only if there is trust between them...
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 PHYSICS-QUANTUM FIELD THEORY : PART 4 The quantum world According to QFT the universe consists of a number of fields and quantum particles are localised waves of these fields. A particle forms when a number of waves of different amplitudes coincide at their peaks. This peak is the location of the particle. A single wave has no location as it can exist anywhere in the universe. A particle formed by a bunch of waves has a definite momentum. However if we try to find out position of a particle definitely it will require an interaction. This interaction will disturb the wave and momentum becomes indefinite. This complementary relation between position and momentum of a quantum particle is called uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle arises because of wave nature of particles. The same superposition of water waves of different amplitudes can occur in ocean also. However water waves  are macroscopic and would not show uncertainty principle.     A consequence of...
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 HISTORY OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Vedic philosophy : Time and place Vedas constitute the most ancient of Indian philosophical thought. According to Max muller the vedas were invented by Indo-European Aryan tribes around 1500 BC when they invaded India  and conquered the native people.This interpretation of Vedas however has been disputed.The vedas mention a lost river Saraswati around which they lived. The riverbed of this river has been discovered and more than a thousand settlements have been found along it. This river gradually dried up due to tectonic shifts from 6000 BC onwards. The vedas mention this river as full and flowing and presumably belong to this time and age.     Rigveda is the oldest Veda and it mentions a tribal life ,partly nomadic. It is possible that around 6000 BC. scattered  Bronze Age settlements were present along river saraswati and Indus and its tributaries.The archaeological evidence of settlements of this age has been discovered along th...
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 BIOLOGY-PATHOGENESIS OF AGING AND DISEASE Free radicals and mortality Life is a network of chemical reactions and these occur in a gradient of reactivity. The sequence of reactions occur because of oxidation reactions with loss of electrons . With loss of electrons an element or compound is ready to accept electrons from a donor atom thus causing the reaction..life thus continuously endeavours to create active compounds or free radicals. Some of these free radicals are hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical,free oxygen radical,nitric acid and are responsible for driving most of life’s reactions.Free radical are however maximally produced in mitochondria in cells which act as sources and powerhouse. Mitochondria were originally free living bacteria which was captured by the eukaryotic cell and now acts in a symbiotic relationship. They have their own DNA which is responsible for their fission during cell mitosis.      The free radicals produced  during the lifetime...
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