ORGANIZATION: ORIGINS The second law of thermodynamics According to the second law entropy of the universe has to always increase. Entropy is a measure of random motion,such as heat.It is defined as dQ/ dT or quantity of heat in a system divided by its temperature. The importance of this formula is that spontaneous events take place only if there is an increase in entropy of the system,such as temperature is less in new state or quantity of heat is more. At the origin of universe there was extremely high temperature and heat. This high energy allowed union of all four basic forces of nature ,gravity ,nuclear and electromagnetic. Thus even fermions and boson particles could not exist independently. As the universe expanded a heat sink arose which allowed temperature to be less. This led to a break in symmetry and separation of the forces of nature. Thus various fundamental particles could exist now at the lower temperature and hi...
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ORGANIZATION: THE FRAMEWORK OF SOCIETY PART -1 The framework of society Power is the ability to control another persons decisions. It can be achieved by three means: physical intimidation,offering compensation and creating a conditioned response due to habit/ societal conformity.These are combined in various ways to create organizations . A conditioned response usually originates in a magnetic personality who creates a system of rules involving monetary/ hierarchical compensation system.In some organizations however the major glue is physical intimidation ( criminal gangs). Another example is the church which originated with the captivating personality of Jesus Christ and his followers. Here the rules of church were accompanied by the extensive property it owed. There was moreover the threat of punishment in the next world for heresy. One characteristic of organization is that the strength and reliability of its external power depends on the strength of its internal submission. An orga...
BIOLOGY- MANAGEMENT OF IMMUNE SYSTEM The immune system The immune system has evolved to protect the body against foreign bacteria and viruses. The innate immunity consists of cells which are inherently capable of detecting thousands of patterns of antigens on bacterial walls as well as antigen patterns of dead and necrotic cell components.The patterns are detected by receptors called Toll like receptors and NOD like receptors present on macrophages and dendritic cells.On detection they produce cytokines and generate the inflammatory reaction which destroys the bacteria and interferon for viruses, Adaptive immunity has unlimited pattern recognition ability . This is so because the B cell receptors and T cell receptors present on lymphocytes can undergo somatic rearrangements to produce these patterns during development. The various receptor patterns occur in B lymphocytes in bone marrow and Thymus for T cells.The TCR on T lymphocytes of type CD 8+ can recog...
BIOLOGY- CELLULAR SYSTEMS The framework of life Life is maintained by a network of chemical reactions. These reactions have reactants and products. The reactants have higher chemical potential and drives the formation of the products. Enzymes are also a kind of driver of the reactions. Chemical potential is determined by chemical thermodynamics. Chemical reactions can be considered as a form of power relationship between chemical compounds. Reactants have the power to drive the reaction. The living organism is a network of these power relationships. The overall network is metabolism and it has both anabolic and catabolic pathways. The cells in addition communicate between these pathways by chemical signals. These signals modify the rate or choose alternate pathways to adapt to availability of nutrients or toxins. The metabolic pathways and chemical signals constitute a power framework. Organisms evolve by changing this framework by mutations in the genetic molecules,...
MANAGEMENT OF JUSTICE: PART 3 Credibility and reliability of evidence The witness may give evidence to protect the defence or incriminate him. Further he may be mistaken due to circumstances which hinder accurate observation. The object of cross examination is to dispute evidence whenever there is a suspicion of it’s genuineness In destructive cross examination credibility and lying can be exposed. There are three categories of lying. The first involves affirmative lying where the witness steadfastly adhere to his version of facts due to high motivation. Here lying can be exposed by self contradictory statements or statements given by similar defence/ prosecution witness about same event.Next is the reluctant witness who is afraid to reveal the truth and is evasive. Such witnesses can be examined in detail about an event and gets caught if details are attempted to be hidden. The third types are those who are afraid to commit perjury and omit details or twist the facts to col...
MANAGEMENT OF JUSTICE PART2 Crimes and evidence Major sexual crime is a rape and here material evidence is collected from the victims person ,clothes in the form of semen ,for which DNA test is done,as well as scratches and nail deposits.In cases of rape evidence of use of force and lack of consent should be present.Use of force can be deduced from personal injury as well as broken furniture. Lack of consent may be difficult to prove in cases where a person known to the woman as in date rape or marriage rape cases. Proving fear or fraud use is equivalent to a lack of consent in rape cases.In marriage rape cases evidence of separation or injury marks will support rape. Solicitation of assistance for homicide is also a major crime. Here if a weapon or money is given to perform the crime the evidence is more convincing.Conspiracy to commit an unlwfull act differs from solicitation in that a number of persons are involved in planning homicide or robbery. Witness acco...