BIOLOGY-PATHOGENESIS OF AGING AND DISEASE Free radicals and mortality Life is a network of chemical reactions and these occur in a gradient of reactivity. The sequence of reactions occur because of oxidation reactions with loss of electrons . With loss of electrons an element or compound is ready to accept electrons from a donor atom thus causing the reaction..life thus continuously endeavours to create active compounds or free radicals. Some of these free radicals are hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical,free oxygen radical,nitric acid and are responsible for driving most of life’s reactions.Free radical are however maximally produced in mitochondria in cells which act as sources and powerhouse. Mitochondria were originally free living bacteria which was captured by the eukaryotic cell and now acts in a symbiotic relationship. They have their own DNA which is responsible for their fission during cell mitosis. The free radicals produced during the lifetime...
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ECONOMICS: ANCIENT POLITICO ECONOMIES Stone Age ,Bronze age ,Iron age. We describe entire epics of humanity by the technology they use - Reed hastings Evolution of ancient economies: Neolithic age Around 10000 BC when the last ice age retreated and many Mediterranean and Northern European lands permitted agricultural growth the Neolithic economy started. It occurred first in Middle East but soon spread to Indus Valley,china and Europe. The migrating tribes discovered farming initially of a rudimentary form. Thus seeds of cereals were thrown on land and harvested later when they became ripe. The tribes were still migratory . However as competition for hunting resources became more it was beneficial to stay near fields or lakes with a more assured supply of food. The first settled villages such as Katal hyuk in Turkey may have been motivated by religious sites serving as pilgrimages for different nearby tribes. Settling along these temples required food storage vessels a...
ECONOMICS-THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Artificial intelligence- A general purpose technology(GPT) A general purpose technology is not specific to a particular industry,for example Bessemer technology to manufacturing of steel.The previous industrial revolutions in human history were all led by general purpose technology. Thus coal power led the manufacturingrevolution in England . Steam power spread from factories to steamships and affected every phase of life. Similarly the advent of electricity changed production,transport,households in Europe. Much later the computer and Internet started the digital revolution in America and enables digital highways to transact manufacturing coordination,transport and financial transactions in minutes. The present fourth Industrial Revolution is led by artificial intelligence. To understand artificial intelligence we trace the development of Internet . The modern computer originated as a sophisticated calculator essential...
MANAGEMENT OF CRIME: COMPETITION AND CRIME PREVENTION Competition and cooperation Competition and cooperation are both essential in society.During evolution there was very little cooperation in primate groups. However with the instinct of empathy and justice developing exchange of favours based on reciprocity developed. No animal society can cooperate based on reciprocity. Cooperation is thus fundamental to existence of human culture and society. A society based on unrestrained giving is however self destructive. As per game theory mutant behaviour of self benefit soon arises and multiplies to destroy social cooperation. Competition thus means reciprocal give and take and avoiding one sided giving. However competition is today regarded as responsible for technological and economic progress in economy and society. A society without competition would regress into lethargy and stop innovation. There are severe adverse effects of competition. Comp...
MANAGEMENT OF JUSTICE : NEUROSCIENTIFIC BASIS OF CRIME The opposite of poverty is not wealth ,it is justice-Bryan stevenson Conflict is inevitable- Combat is optional-Unknown There is sufficiency in the world for man’s need but not for his greed-Mahatma Gandhi Neuroscience of social behaviour In primate societies there is a dominant male who has the lions share of food and sex. The rest of males and females have a subservient position. Groups of primates usually attack other groups for territorial and resource dominance. During evolution of human societies the group dynamics ( game theory of power games)maintained by asymmetric power leading to a hierarchical society changed to an egalitarian group. Initially the instinct of altruism arose leading to sharing of food in the group. This allowed hunting as a group endeavour. Later it led to reciprocal exchange of favours . The second instinct was related to parental attachment to the child along with strong sexual ...
BIOLOGY :MANAGEMENT OF MENTAL DISORDERS Mechanism of normal personality Each human behaves differently ,has a unique personality. However it is wrong to consider animals as without unique behaviour. This is so because though animals lack speech and abstract thinking ,behaviour is determined in the brain by very ancient neural networks present in all higher animals. The Amygdala is an ancient network present in all mammals. It along with a few other centres in striatum determine all emotion and motivation behaviour.Emotions consist of detection neurons which detect contexts and associate them with favourable or unfavourable actions which are programmed.. Thus fear producing contexts need to be conditioned to painfull stimuli and must be aligned with withdrawal action. This conditioning circuit exists in amygdala at birth but the contexts are gradually built up by perception action cycles. Apart from fear animals have emotions of rage/ anger,frustration,exploration wher...
MANAGEMENT OF PERSONAL FINANCE PART 2 The best investment on earth is earth-Louis Gluckman,real estate investor Introduction:Purchasing a house Purchasing a house is probably the largest investment in lifetime for a middle class family. It is seen that middle class families invest 80% of their lifetime wealth in buying property. In contrast the lower income groups cannot do so and keep their wealth in bank accounts. Again the rich keep 80% of their savings in stocks and bonds. Purchase versus renting The first decision before purchasing is whether to stay in a rented house or shift to a home after purchasing it.There are advantages in staying in a rented house. These include living in a neighbourhood near the office ,which frequently is a business district. Purchasing a house in the locality may be too expensive. However renting may be affordable and allow easy commutation to the office which will be nearby. For example suppose a person stays near his office in ...