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 ORGANIZATION: THE FRAMEWORK OF SOCIETY Crime and framework of society   Human organizations arose from primate societies dominated by an aggressive alpha male. The development of prefrontal cortex and thinking and language profoundly changed this society. Humans understood that they could cooperate to prevent a dominant male and create a more equitable order. This helping attitude and readiness to cooperate is unique to humans and absent in all animals. Animals do  help their genetic kin automatically as it increases the spread of like genes in the population.However it is the cooperation between unrelated individuals which is unique in humans. Due to a high development of episodic memory humans can recognise those who have reciprocated a benefit given to them earlier. This is extremely important as an organization of individuals can function only if it is based on trust.Again any market economy based on long term exchange can function only if there is trust between them...
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 PHYSICS-QUANTUM FIELD THEORY : PART 4 The quantum world According to QFT the universe consists of a number of fields and quantum particles are localised waves of these fields. A particle forms when a number of waves of different amplitudes coincide at their peaks. This peak is the location of the particle. A single wave has no location as it can exist anywhere in the universe. A particle formed by a bunch of waves has a definite momentum. However if we try to find out position of a particle definitely it will require an interaction. This interaction will disturb the wave and momentum becomes indefinite. This complementary relation between position and momentum of a quantum particle is called uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle arises because of wave nature of particles. The same superposition of water waves of different amplitudes can occur in ocean also. However water waves  are macroscopic and would not show uncertainty principle.     A consequence of...
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 HISTORY OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY Vedic philosophy : Time and place Vedas constitute the most ancient of Indian philosophical thought. According to Max muller the vedas were invented by Indo-European Aryan tribes around 1500 BC when they invaded India  and conquered the native people.This interpretation of Vedas however has been disputed.The vedas mention a lost river Saraswati around which they lived. The riverbed of this river has been discovered and more than a thousand settlements have been found along it. This river gradually dried up due to tectonic shifts from 6000 BC onwards. The vedas mention this river as full and flowing and presumably belong to this time and age.     Rigveda is the oldest Veda and it mentions a tribal life ,partly nomadic. It is possible that around 6000 BC. scattered  Bronze Age settlements were present along river saraswati and Indus and its tributaries.The archaeological evidence of settlements of this age has been discovered along th...
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 BIOLOGY-PATHOGENESIS OF AGING AND DISEASE Free radicals and mortality Life is a network of chemical reactions and these occur in a gradient of reactivity. The sequence of reactions occur because of oxidation reactions with loss of electrons . With loss of electrons an element or compound is ready to accept electrons from a donor atom thus causing the reaction..life thus continuously endeavours to create active compounds or free radicals. Some of these free radicals are hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical,free oxygen radical,nitric acid and are responsible for driving most of life’s reactions.Free radical are however maximally produced in mitochondria in cells which act as sources and powerhouse. Mitochondria were originally free living bacteria which was captured by the eukaryotic cell and now acts in a symbiotic relationship. They have their own DNA which is responsible for their fission during cell mitosis.      The free radicals produced  during the lifetime...
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 ECONOMICS: ANCIENT POLITICO ECONOMIES Stone Age ,Bronze age ,Iron age. We describe entire epics of humanity by the technology they use - Reed hastings Evolution of ancient economies: Neolithic age Around 10000 BC when the last ice age retreated and many Mediterranean and Northern European lands permitted agricultural growth the Neolithic economy started. It occurred first in Middle East but soon spread to Indus Valley,china and Europe. The migrating tribes discovered farming initially of a rudimentary form. Thus seeds of cereals were thrown on land and harvested later when they became ripe. The tribes were still migratory . However as competition for hunting resources became more it was beneficial to stay near fields or lakes with a more assured supply of food. The first settled  villages such as Katal  hyuk in Turkey may have been motivated by religious sites serving as pilgrimages for different nearby tribes. Settling along these temples required food storage vessels a...
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 ECONOMICS-THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Artificial intelligence- A general purpose technology(GPT) A general purpose technology is not specific to a particular industry,for example Bessemer technology to manufacturing of steel.The previous industrial revolutions in human history were all led by general purpose technology. Thus coal power led the manufacturingrevolution in England . Steam power spread from factories to steamships and affected every phase of life. Similarly the advent of electricity changed production,transport,households  in Europe. Much later the computer and Internet started the digital revolution in America and enables digital highways to transact manufacturing coordination,transport and financial transactions in minutes.    The present fourth Industrial Revolution is led by artificial intelligence. To understand artificial intelligence we trace the development of Internet . The modern computer originated as a sophisticated calculator essential...
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 MANAGEMENT  OF ORGANIZATIONS:: COMPETITION AND COOPERATION  Competition and cooperation  Competition  and cooperation are both essential in society.During evolution there was very little cooperation in primate groups. However with the instinct of empathy and justice developing exchange of favours based on reciprocity developed. No animal society can cooperate based on reciprocity. Cooperation is thus fundamental to existence of human culture and society.   A society based on unrestrained giving is however self destructive. As per game theory mutant behaviour of self benefit soon arises and multiplies to destroy social cooperation. Competition thus means reciprocal give and take and avoiding one sided giving. However competition is today regarded as responsible for technological and economic progress in economy and society. A society without competition would regress into lethargy and stop innovation.    There are severe adverse effects of competi...
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