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 HISTORY POLITICS AND THE STATE:PART3 Recall the face of the poorest and weakest man you have seen and ask yourself if this step you contemplate will be of any use to him(mahatma Gandhi) The Indian  state origins  After India gained independence from British in 1947 the Congress party formed the government.At the time of independence the level of industrialization in the country was such that even a pin had to be imported and could not be manufactured in India.There was extreme poverty and famines.     Like other newly independent countries the Indian government followed a policy of creating state run  heavy industries and restricting private investment by licenses and production quotas.While gradually the country could manufacture most items of use and engineering technical excellence was built by establishing IITs ,competion both internal and external was absent in the economy. . Morever crony businessmen developed  who bribed govt officials for quot...

   HISTORY POLITICS AND THE STATE PART 2 World war and colonial states In early twentieth century there were two world wars. These were fought between European countries for colonial space. Germany in early twentieth century had developed industrially. But it had been left behind other European countries in the race to acquire colonies for raw materials and markets. Now Germany went to war with other European nations as it tried to capture adjacent nations like Poland and France as colonies. Whereas Europeans were comfortable with colonizing other continents the same within Europe was intolerable. Germany lost both the world wars  but it made Europeans withdraw  gradually from their colonies. The war had made them militarily exhausted and most colonies now had educated elites asking for freedom.  Cold War and neocolonialism    However the end of war divided the nations of the world into two camps ideologically. The communist nations were led by soviet ...

 HISTORY POLITICS AND THE STATE PART1 The friends of God defeated their opponents….the Musallmans wreaked their vengeance on the infidels,killing 15000 of them,making them food of beasts ,..God also bestowed on his friends such a bounty as was unimaginable,including five hundred thousand slaves,beautifull men and women(sultan Mahmoud’s minister Al utbi) Preindustrial Organizations and the  state With rise of cities ,organized religion and states headed by hereditary rulers the stage was set for heads of these organizations to manipulate and create narratives. These narratives generally served the interest of their organizations and in many cases the people heading these organizations also.    The most frequent narrative by kings was the need for warfare  and get the status of an emperor or conqueror of the world.War often  took place between two brothers claiming the throne.In these fruitless wars thousands of soldiers on both side died for nothing. The pro...

 HISTORY  ANCIENT HISTORY OF INDIA Ideological fixation Ancient history of India is beset with ideological fixation and rigidity. On one side are European scholars who have a long history of historical research on ancient India. They are supported in India by Marxist historians. Their principal bias is regarding the origin of Indian people. Their contention is that India has been a land of migration where three sets of people, the dravidians (migrating from Persian highland and bringing the Bronze Age Indus civilisation) the Aryans ( migrating from Eurasian steppes and responsible for Iron Age civilization)and    Austroasiatics migrating from southeastasia ( responsible for bringing rice cultivation from China to Gangetic valley) are the principal actors. As opposed to this the nationalistic school which has originated in last decade asserts that Indian culture and people are indigenous with unbroken link from prehistoric times. Toba super volcanic eruption and jwala...