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 BIOLOGY:ORIGIN OF LIFE::PART 4 ,SEQUENCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN METAZOANS The history of man for the nine months preceding his birth would be far more interesting than all the three ten scores that follow it-Samuel Taylor Coleridge  Formation of blastula by cell assymetry signalling The blastula is the first structure to arise from the zygote. The zygote divides repeatedly to form a spherical ball of cells called the blastula. Thereafter the blastula develops a fluid filled cavity called the blastocoel. The question is how this structure is formed. The origin of this activity lies in asymmetry of cell in blastula. Cell on the surface do not have neighbours and behave differently. Cells inside have neighbours on all sides and this leads them to activate cis genes which cause secretion of fluid and cavity formation.   Later the process of cavity formation is repeated again to form another fluid cavity amniotic cavity. Now the cells lying between the two cavities will give rise t...

BIOLOGY:ORIGIN OF LIFE:PART 3-EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY The embryo contains the unique information that defines a person-Todd akin Origin of the eukaryotic cell The embryonic development of metazoans consists of repeated division of cells from a zygote. While undergoing divisions the cells differentiate into various specialised cells. Moreover the cells organise themselves into structures such as plane sheets(epithelium) tubes( blood vessels, bronchi). The ability to organise cells in above manner is not present in prokaryotes. It arose when the first eukaryotic cell arose with capability to form Endo membranes ,phagocytosis ,secretion .           The prokaryotic cell was surrounded by a rigid cell wall .Over a period of time the cell wall was lost and the outer wall remained as a flexible plasma membrane. The cell wall prevented any movement or modification of the PM. With its loss there was scope for the PM to be modified. The PM gained three types of...

 ORGANIZATION:PART 4:POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT The Victorian state in England Modernising theory’s argument of economic change and development being the prime factors responsible for creating a stable ,democratic political system is flawed -Samuel P Huntington Origin of beauracratic state The ancient agricultural state was weak in collecting revenues ,maintaining law and order and controlling internal rebellion by feudal lords. The reason for this was technological primitiveness  in weapons of war,lack of modern communication,absence of printing and dissemination of usefull knowledge. In sixteenth century Europe printing allowed knowledge to be disseminated throughout the society. This stimulated creation of new maps,exploration by large ships, discovery of new lands,development of science ,military technology,building of roads,canals,and ultimately the Industrial Revolution.With increasing military technology the kingdoms of Europe could subjugate the feudal lords and...

 ORGANIZATION :PART 3:MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS  The tension of our times is that we want our organizations to behave as living organisms but only know how to treat them as machines-Margaret J Wheatley Origin of firms Firms are groups of individuals who coordinate their work to produces product for exchange. The cooperation abolishes transaction costs which will occur if an individual attempts to create separate contracts with others to produce all intermediate objects in a market situation. Moreover when objects require joint cooperation to produce ,the efforts of each cannot be quantified. In such a situation a uniform wage in a firm gives equal incentive to work irrespective of nature of work.       Firms require a market to sell their goods. It has been seen that presence of a market for a product automatically gives birth to a number of firms producing it. Moreover as size of market increases the number,size of firms increase as does their complexity of o...