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 BIOLOGY-PATHOGENESIS OF AGING AND DISEASE Free radicals and mortality Life is a network of chemical reactions and these occur in a gradient of reactivity. The sequence of reactions occur because of oxidation reactions with loss of electrons . With loss of electrons an element or compound is ready to accept electrons from a donor atom thus causing the reaction..life thus continuously endeavours to create active compounds or free radicals. Some of these free radicals are hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical,free oxygen radical,nitric acid and are responsible for driving most of life’s reactions.Free radical are however maximally produced in mitochondria in cells which act as sources and powerhouse. Mitochondria were originally free living bacteria which was captured by the eukaryotic cell and now acts in a symbiotic relationship. They have their own DNA which is responsible for their fission during cell mitosis.      The free radicals produced  during the lifetime...

 ECONOMICS: ANCIENT POLITICO ECONOMIES Stone Age ,Bronze age ,Iron age. We describe entire epics of humanity by the technology they use - Reed hastings Evolution of ancient economies: Neolithic age Around 10000 BC when the last ice age retreated and many Mediterranean and Northern European lands permitted agricultural growth the Neolithic economy started. It occurred first in Middle East but soon spread to Indus Valley,china and Europe. The migrating tribes discovered farming initially of a rudimentary form. Thus seeds of cereals were thrown on land and harvested later when they became ripe. The tribes were still migratory . However as competition for hunting resources became more it was beneficial to stay near fields or lakes with a more assured supply of food. The first settled  villages such as Katal  hyuk in Turkey may have been motivated by religious sites serving as pilgrimages for different nearby tribes. Settling along these temples required food storage vessels a...