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 BIOLOGY ORIGIN OF INTELLIGENT LIFE -PART -2 The weight of evidence indicates that humans are not unique in possessing the neurological substrates that generate consciousness -D Edelman The idea is that thanks to mirror neurons we are first able to observe  an action,then understand the underlying intention Procedural memory and voluntary action in animals Animals have different types of working memory in the form of modules. Thus the visual module has a hierarchy of neurons of different types,such as simple cells.complex cells,bipolar cells. Simple cells can form lines. But at edges involving intersection of lines the assymetrical input activates complex cells and they form the edges by combining inputs of two simple cells.This forms an image.Objects are recognized by a neural program. The memory of the object or its line orientation and edges from memory are enhanced in visual cortex. When a match occurs with visual input search is successfull.   However objects require...

 HISTORY :ECONOMICS.        PART 4              THE POST INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY     The technology office Rich countries have kicked away the ladder by forcing free market,free trade policies on poor countries-Ha joon chang One of the puzzles of urbanisation is the willingness of people to pay very high rents to stay next door to people already paying very high rents- Jonathan haskel The role of government in Infant industry support  The role of externalities in industrialization and economic development is undisputed. But this is not the whole story ,especially in early stages of industrialization. In a developing country there is lack of physical  infrastructure and industrial ecosystem of complementary industries. There is lack of capital to build massive factories as well as lack of trained manpower and markets. All these make them extremely vulnerable to foreign competion and they are liable to be wiped out...

HISTORY: ECONOMICS:PART 3 If you are in a system in which you have to make profits in order to survive,you are compelled to ignore negative externalities,effects on others- Noam chomsky                     THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-PART 3   The unemployment benefit disbursal The role of government The government plays two different roles in the industrial development of a nation. The first concerns Externalities.Externalities are  provision of macroeconomic stability,removal of inequality,efficient justice system to enforce contracts,health and education infrastructure,control of pollution,.These cannot be provided by private enterprises as they have external benefits to the entire public.   The other role played by government is in infant industry protection by providing tariff barriers,production subsidies,conducting research ,. There is considerable debate regarding the importance of both the factors .Most western ...

HISTORY :ECONOMICS                    THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION :PART 1 The cotton textile factory  -Every science has some instrument of precision, in chemistry the balance,in heat the thermometer,while the whole system of civilised life may be symbolised by a foot rule,aset of weights and a clock- James clerk maxwell The first Industrial Revolution took place in Britain and is of interest in that it took place spontaneously without the assistance of government which has been characteristic of all succeeding industrial revolutions The preindustrial world Till 1000AD, the centre of economic power resided in India and China .With a GDP of nearly sixty percent combined ,they dominated both crafts,agricultural output and trade. The GDP however was dependent on agricultural production  and population of these nations and not on manufacturing. There was very little increase in productivity over centuries and therefore per capita inc...

HISTORY : ECONOMICS.                                 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION : PART 2   The Ford car factory Mere money getting has never been my goal,I had an ambition to build-John D rockefeller The revolution in transportation and infrastructure As manufacturing capacity increases there is a need for new markets. An efficient transport infrastructure allows transport of raw marerials for production as well as opening of new markets for the industrial core areas. In Britain the development of roads and waterways for shipping occured initially and these were expanded by digging canals and constructing roads. The investment was done initially by pooling of resources by local traders and later by joint stock companies.In 1807 Robert Fulton operated a steamboat on Hudson River from Newyork city to Albany. This was followed by extensive transportation of both goods and people along rivers and canals,and ...

 HISTORY POLITICS AND THE STATE:PART3 Recall the face of the poorest and weakest man you have seen and ask yourself if this step you contemplate will be of any use to him(mahatma Gandhi) The Indian  state origins  After India gained independence from British in 1947 the Congress party formed the government.At the time of independence the level of industrialization in the country was such that even a pin had to be imported and could not be manufactured in India.There was extreme poverty and famines.     Like other newly independent countries the Indian government followed a policy of creating state run  heavy industries and restricting private investment by licenses and production quotas.While gradually the country could manufacture most items of use and engineering technical excellence was built by establishing IITs ,competion both internal and external was absent in the economy. . Morever crony businessmen developed  who bribed govt officials for quot...

   HISTORY POLITICS AND THE STATE PART 2 World war and colonial states In early twentieth century there were two world wars. These were fought between European countries for colonial space. Germany in early twentieth century had developed industrially. But it had been left behind other European countries in the race to acquire colonies for raw materials and markets. Now Germany went to war with other European nations as it tried to capture adjacent nations like Poland and France as colonies. Whereas Europeans were comfortable with colonizing other continents the same within Europe was intolerable. Germany lost both the world wars  but it made Europeans withdraw  gradually from their colonies. The war had made them militarily exhausted and most colonies now had educated elites asking for freedom.  Cold War and neocolonialism    However the end of war divided the nations of the world into two camps ideologically. The communist nations were led by soviet ...