ORGANIZATION: THE FRAMEWORK OF SOCIETY

Crime and framework of society

 Human organizations arose from primate societies dominated by an aggressive alpha male. The development of prefrontal cortex and thinking and language profoundly changed this society. Humans understood that they could cooperate to prevent a dominant male and create a more equitable order. This helping attitude and readiness to cooperate is unique to humans and absent in all animals. Animals do  help their genetic kin automatically as it increases the spread of like genes in the population.However it is the cooperation between unrelated individuals which is unique in humans. Due to a high development of episodic memory humans can recognise those who have reciprocated a benefit given to them earlier. This is extremely important as an organization of individuals can function only if it is based on trust.Again any market economy based on long term exchange can function only if there is trust between them.

Any organization arises when individuals benefit in some way after joining it. The organization also looks at it in the same way,whether it will benefit from the individual contribution.The purpose of an organization is to benefit its members. However frequently it happens that certain members undermine the purpose for personal gains or change the organization into a criminal one.

There are two factors required for this abbé rant change in organizational working. The first is the presence of a certain type of personality ,anti social / narcissistic who thinks and plans crimes in an organization. The second equally important factor is the presence of opportunity for a crime. Effort can be made to control both factors and make a framework which permits a utopian society. However  the effort required in many cases may be too great and the results obtained too meagre after a certain extent. A society of well behaved individuals gives an opportunity for small criminals to make hay way. Thus a certain amount of abbé rant behaviour need to be accepted. 

  Many  abbérations  in society are of long term nature. These occur because of power relations. In any exchange one party may have a more advantageous position. Thus the agricultural labourer or factory worker is dependent on employment on the landlord or capitalist. .Unless profound change in technology occurs these cannot disappear. Next are crimes which recur in history due to cycles of economic or political behaviour. A minority community may be at a disadvage in relation to employment or oppurtunities in relation to the majority.These are amenable to prolonged campaigns. However the everyday crimes which occur both criminal and white collar require a robust justice system.All three constitute the framework of organization well-being. 

Long term framework of society

Three organizations can be studied for long term criminal changes in organizations. Firstly the political organization. Ancient agricultural societies were initially egalitarian and consisted of individual farmers in kin related villages in Neolithic times. Subsequently agricultural surplus produced an opportunity for warriors to forcibly expropriate this surplus. The farmers were too disorganised to oppose these kings. Inter group wars where these king gave protection was another factor for the acceptance of their rule. So long as agriculture remained the dominant activity the crimes of warriors could not be stopped. However industrialisation and rise of market economy made expropriation of land produce less important. The rise of democracy thus could only occur due to long term changes in economy. However today all nations are not democratic. Frequently democracy fails due to capture of power by military or ethnic/ religious leaders. This is also a case where opportunity and benefits of forcible usurping of democracy gives greater benefit than any retribution. Thus democracy remains unstable in less industrialed economies with a large agricultural population and lack of rival economic power

 Coming to economic organizations ,these arose only after the Industrial Revolution in the form of large firms. Intense competition  between these frequently leads to mass shedding of labour ,especially during economic downturns. Labour has to frequently engage in repetitive work under constant supervision. Large firms manipulate products to benefit them but can cause consumer and environmental damage. The evolution of Japanese manufacturing firms however has resulted in mitigating many of these abbé rations.These firms  frequently cooperate with their suppliers and distributors  transferring technology and enhancing the entire value chain. They maintain huge financial cash reserves for economic downturns ,which otherwise lead to loss of skilled labour which is difficult to get. Lack of a young population not interested in routine work has led to innovation based work at even lowest level to attract the young.All these have occurred due to economic and demographic forces in Japan which have reduced the I’ll effects of large firms by long term changes.

  The family is the third but most important organization affected by long term changes. Thus agricultural societies restricted the freedom of women for thousands of years. They were subordinate to the intense struggle for economic gains through wars. Democracy and economic opportunities allowed women to gain economic independence and equality in industrial society. However in western society the high incidence of divorce and uniparent families have now cast a doubt on survival of the institution of family itself. Family bonds are threatened by sexual promiscuity . Elderly are considered as less important leading to their shifting to old age homes and away from their children.

Cyclical framework of society

Politics of ethnocentrism and religious hatred has a cyclical history. Certain ethnic and religious groups have been dominant in history due to wars ,migration ,economic opportunities. The prosperity of a group can be a source of envy and political backlash. In many cases affirmative action for disadvantaged groups is made by governments to mitigate conflict. The ethic conflicts occur more frequently during economic downturns and thus have a cyclic nature. 

   Political shifts in ideology is another cyclic phenomena. Thus liberal parties in democracy favour affirmative action .high taxes on super rich.Conservatives favour lower tax rates to stimulate investment and favour help to all disadvantageous groups without specific group targeting. There are benefits in both ways of thinking and the important thing is that both ideology have good points for benefitting all stakeholders in society.

Aggression and theft: The recurrent crimes

All societies have incidence of aggression leading to homicide or assault. Many of them are the result of provocation while most are a result of criminal planning. Theft is of course planned and may be of tangible objects or white collar crime involving intangibles such as stock market fraud.Society since ancient times have agreed to restrict such behaviour through laws. Implementing these laws required cooperation of individuals to detect and punish the criminal individual and hence the rise of the justice system consisting of legislative formulation of crime and their punishment and enforcement by police and courts.The justice system is thus the framework which prevents disorder in society.However as shown above it does not exclude exploitative power relations in society.

Ack: Darwinian politics;The origins of Justice;The Oxford handbook of the politics of development; The cooperative economy; stakeholder capitalism;collaborative advantage