PHYSICS-QUANTUM FIELD THEORY : PART 4

The quantum world

According to QFT the universe consists of a number of fields and quantum particles are localised waves of these fields. A particle forms when a number of waves of different amplitudes coincide at their peaks. This peak is the location of the particle. A single wave has no location as it can exist anywhere in the universe. A particle formed by a bunch of waves has a definite momentum. However if we try to find out position of a particle definitely it will require an interaction. This interaction will disturb the wave and momentum becomes indefinite. This complementary relation between position and momentum of a quantum particle is called uncertainty principle. The uncertainty principle arises because of wave nature of particles. The same superposition of water waves of different amplitudes can occur in ocean also. However water waves  are macroscopic and would not show uncertainty principle.

    A consequence of the uncertainty principle is that same quantum particles can be constituted by different combination of waves of different amplitudes. When interaction to find a momentum of a particle occurs the probability of finding a particular momentum depends on which component wave is detected. Moreover uncertainty relation can result in transient momentum and energy changes of the particle. This leads to creation of new particles as component of the original particle.

The fifth dimension

 Quantum fields and particles are assumed to occur in four dimensions of space and time. However quantum waves and particles are mathematically described by complex numbers. Complex numbers exist in two dimensions simultaneously,one real and another imaginary.Complex waves are therefore different from ordinary waves. The imaginary dimension can be regarded as a fifth dimension . Particles are available to us only in the real dimension. The extension in fifth dimension is hidden from us. 

    Since particles exist in an extra dimension they can undergo rotations and change from one configuration to another. However we can see only the result of the transformation as the actual rotation is in fifth dimension. An example of rotation is a cylinder  in two dimensions which can be projected in two ways,one along the length and another the face. This object can be rotated in three dimensions proving it is the same object.Quantum particles like photon are represented as rotations along a circle with a particular phase corresponding to angle in the circle. The circle in an electron is inclined at an angle. Rotations in fifth dimension can change an electron into positron by changing angle of inclination. We in four dimension only see the end result.

    The change in rotation occurs by a process called transactional  interpretation of quantum mechanics.We know that uncertainty principle allows transient changes in energy and momentum of particles. This allows creation of an offer wave in fifth dimension. The offer wave travels in all directions. It is captured by any particle in its surrounding which can provide a confirmation wave. The momentum or energy of confirmation wave has to be matched to the offer wave. Once a matching occurs a transaction takes place and this is detected by change in energy or momentum of the particles in four dimensions. 

The framework of the universe

  The transactional interpretation provides a framework for understanding the nature and stability of space and time. Any transaction in quantum fifth dimension involves a transient change in energy and creation of an offer wave. This wave is met with a transient change in negative energy in a nearby particle or confirmation wave. The offer and confirmation wave if matched leads to a transaction in real world. Changes in energy of a particle is always accompanied by a definite time interval. The transaction is thus an event where energy creates an interval of time in the real world.

   Similarly space interval of an event arises from transient changes in momentum of particles.Space thus arises from momentum of particles. A particle without rest mass such as a photon has no energy change or time event. Its momentum however creates a space interval and event. All particles with mass have a time interval at rest. When in motion they have a further new time interval . 

   Transactions always take place from past to future. A particle sending an offer wave is already in my past just as the sun is in our past as the light from it started seven minutes ago to reach the earth. The present time and space is thus continuously being created from the past by new events involving creation of space and time due to exchange of energy and momentum.

 The NOW thus definitely exists in real universe and includes all objects which send offer waves to us in present. Does the past exist also ?In our night sky we can see the distant galaxies which are billions of light years away. Many are no longer there but for us the event of seeing them is real. Scientists can even detect the afterglow of the Big Bang. According to transactional interpretation any transaction gives rise to real events including space and time. Our interaction with distant galaxies are real events and preserves their past.

Quantum paradoxes

 An example of a quantum paradox is faster than light transmission . For example a pair of electrons once entangled is separated and kept at either ends of the universe. A change in direction of the spin in one of them instantaneously  is transmitted to the other. This is possible because offer waves and confirmation waves in the entangled electrons occur in fifth dimension of quantum world.There is no concept of time in fifth dimension as no energy transaction takes place in it. The actualised enegy transactions occur only in four dimensions of real world. Signals thus get transmitted instantaneously in entangled particles but with no change in energy.

Ack: Understanding our unseen reality- solving quantum riddles