ORGANIZATION: ORIGINS

The second law of thermodynamics

According to the second law entropy of the universe has to always increase. Entropy is a measure of random motion,such as heat.It is defined as dQ/ dT or quantity of heat in a system divided by its temperature. The importance of this formula is that spontaneous events take place only if there is an increase in entropy of the system,such as temperature is less in new state or quantity of heat is more. 

    At the origin of universe there was extremely high temperature and heat. This high energy allowed union of all four basic forces of nature ,gravity ,nuclear and electromagnetic. Thus even fermions and boson particles could not exist independently.  

     As the universe expanded a heat sink arose which allowed temperature to be less. This led  to a break in symmetry and separation of the forces of nature. Thus various fundamental particles could exist now at the lower temperature and higher entropy state. Ultimately the temperature fell so low that only electrons ,protons and neutrons could exist independently. 

    As space expanded exponentially due to inflation the high temperature and heat could exist only as island galaxies held by gravity. Further in these galaxies stars formed due to gravitational collapse and started nuclear chain reactions within them. These were the first organised structure in the universe and had an internal structure of core and periphery. This was possible only because there is a heat sink which allows the heat to be radiated out to the surrounding cold space.The entropy of the radiation is higher because of it’s heat and thermal motion and more than the entropy needed to maintain the stars configuration.

     The earth is a much colder space and allows chemical atoms and molecules to be preserved. However it requires suns energy to drive the chemical reactions. Life is based on chemical reactions and requires energy from sun for it.Earth is surrounded by cold space and allows heat to flow out. The amount of heat received by earth is balanced by the heat it radiates to space ,otherwise it will accumulate heat and have runaway temperature. The radiated photons however are of lower energy than the incoming photons from sun.Thus photons incoming are in ultraviolet but radiation out wards is in infrared. There is a difference in entropy between them as higher energy particles can be converted to larger number of low energy particles. When particle numbers increase , randomness increases.

Far from equilibrium systems

Organised systems can arise only if energy is supplied from outside so that reactions between particles do not go to equilibrium and all activity ceases. Also they need a heat sink ,which today is available because of the expansion of the universe and coldness of space. The simplest example of spontaneous organization formation  occurs in physical systems is phase changes in states such as solid to liquid to gas. 

    Liquid states is organised by molecular attractions which give a shape of contained vessel to it and other properties of flow .As a liquid is heated it changes the state to gaseous at a certain temperature and pressure which has  no shape and spontaneously expands itself. Density of liquid and gas are nearly identical at critical point.As heat is increased to a liquid there are fluctuations in density of the liquid  as molecular motion increases.The liquid however is not uniformly heated ,but it occurs in patches . The patch size is called correlation length. As heating increases the size of these patches increases. At transition temperature all patch size can coexist due to high energy available. However the largest size patch dominates at critical point . This patch has almost density as the vapour state and requires very little energy for changing to it. Thus a phase change to a new organization occurs.

     Phase changes may occur continuously also with a critical point. Thus organised systems can arise in human societies or animal ecological settings. Both are far from equilibrium systems as they consume energy of food or fuels ,both ultimately derived from sun. The human activity uses this energy to create communities and cities. There is an increase in entropy in these as all living activity produces objects though using energy which involves production of heat and friction loss. The growth of cities and their sizes follow a far from equilibrium dynamics. Thus a nation can be divided into a static agriculture sector and dynamic factory sector with economy of scale,transportation costs determining location of factories. When a few factories locate at a place more factories locate there Because  of availability of trained manpower. However there is a repulsion effect also as agglomeration leads to more competition for the local market. Initially the density of population of factories can be assumed to be uniform in the nation . As feedback of positive and negative factors proceeds there are fluctuations in population densities as factories are deciding on a suitable location.The fluctuations again occur at various scales called correlation length. As industrial activity increases the correlation length of various sizes coexist. However a optimum fluctuation with correlation length dominates. This optimum site is determined by strength of aggregation versus dispersal tendency due to increasing competition ,which for example may be in a ratio of three. The optimum location thus wins and cities grow at that place

Systems built by signalling

  Biological systems such as living systems,The brain.and society are built by signalling systems and only sparsely by spontaneous organization by far from equilibrium mechanisms. They also exist because of ability to exist in far from equilibrium system by intake of high energy in the form of food and production of waste and heat  in the form of high entropy.Life functions due to presence of bio molecules which can act as receptors for signal molecules and carry out metabolic reactions both anabolic and catabolic to build a body. The capacity to carry out these reactions also fascilitated by enzymes which can recognise reactant molecules and act as catalysts. The entire living system is built by similar signals and even builds with subsystems for intake of food,excretion of waste,circulation of nutrients ,reproduction.and in multicellular organisms morphogenesis.

    The brain is another system which produces function through signals between neurons ,which may be excitatory or inhibitory. In vision specific neurons sensitive to lines,or edges respond to external objects. Higher neurons can synthesise images from these basic neurons based on rules of aggregation held in memory neurons.Similar synthesis of sound creates language by other neurons. Higher centres have neurons which maintain homeostasis such as requirement of food or avoidance of danger. The incoming visual and auditory images are interpretared as food or danger from memory neurons. These activate suitable neurons for getting the desired object

    Human society is based on power . Power consists of physical power, compensatory power and persuasion power. Power is communicated through signals ,language or gestures. Power is required in various combinations to produce organizations,from business to military to the state. 

Ack: The self organising economy,